• Outcome

• Survival and livelihoods protection threshold

Change of households' coping strategies compared with post disaster levels, or baseline level, last year -same period-, normal year. Reducing coping strategies indicates improved food security, recovery of livelihoods or income and food sources, less pressure on alternative coping strategies and improved resilience, and preserve people dignity. Definitions: • Coping Strategies : are mechanisms that people choose as a way of living through difficult times. They are usually set off by events affecting their livelihoods and way of living. Some coping strategies are not damaging to livelihoods and are easily reversible: for example, short-term dietary changes, migration of individuals for work, use of savings or solidarity networks. Other strategies may be damaging and tend to be harder to reverse: for example, sale of land, sale of ‘productive’ assets, early weddings, intensive use of wood from nearby areas causing deforestation, taking children out of school to make them work (child labour) or prostitution.

Geography/Livelihoods zone; Head of household’s gender, age, disabilities, chronic diseases, dependency ratio, and any other relevant criteria, such as urban/rural context, religious, ethnic or political identities; Wealth groups; Livelihoods group (e.g. pastoralist, farmers, traders); Period to achieve the objective;

• Decrease (distance)

Both secondary and primary data collection can be used according to context. • Baseline/Endline. If multiyear programme consider also a mid-term evaluation. In slow-onset emergency, (if possible) frequency should be higher (on weekly, monthly basis) to ensure appropriateness of assistance. • Secondary data. Reliable/relevant sources from other actors, clusters or government (e.g. assessment information, reference to a normal situation). Unit of Measurement: Household. If percentage: • Numerator: Number of households that have reduced their coping strategies • Denominator: Total number of target households Data Collection methods: Secondary data analysis; Households survey; Focus Group Discussion, key informant interviews.

• Economic Security
• Livelihoods and Natural Resources Protection

At the end of the programme X% of target households (from those Y% are women-headed) in the agro-pastoralist area of Awsard reduce their coping strategies compared with baseline.

Change in coping strategies can be measured by the Coping Strategy Index, the Household Hunger Scale or similar hunger experience indicator. CSI (Coping Strategy Index) comprises a series of questions about how households manage to cope with a shortfall in food, that looks at both the frequency of a coping behaviour (how often is the strategy used) and severity (what degree of food insecurity do they suggest). Can be used for targeting and monitoring. To use this indicator (due the fact that coping strategies can be measured using multiple components), it’s important to define (and rank) the list coping strategies that we are going to measure over the project at the beginning of the project –assessment-, based on target group and context, and including relevant coping strategies related to livelihood protection (e.g. sale of productive assets, migration, consumption of seed stock) Measure: > Number of coping strategies used relative to baseline > Frequency of use of coping strategies Decrease/reduction threshold must be defined in advance using baseline and secondary information. • Standard CSI for food security and livelihood is preferred. • Ranking can help assessing change and importance of coping strategy patterns. • Expanded context-adapted CSI for livelihoods can be developed if time and means allow. Note that comparison across livelihood zones might be compromised. • It’s necessary to consider potential changes in seasonal coping and explanation of the same, e.g. normality vs. abnormality. Watch Out For! - Coping strategies may vary between cultural contexts and should be verified and adapted where necessary. - Coping strategies vary in terms of severity. Accordingly, the use of coping strategies over a long period will have a different effect on a household’s ability to recover. For more details on methodology: Coping Strategies Index Field Methods Manual: http://www.seachangecop.org/sites/default/files/documents/2008%2001%20TANGO%20-%20Coping%20Strategies%20Index.pdf Household Hunger Scale: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/wa_workshop/docs/HH_Hunger_Scale.pdf