• Outcome

• Increase and diversification of incomes

Change in target population income generation activities through participation in the programme. Significant change in income sources suggests reduced vulnerability and increased food/income access and resilience. Income sources breakdown most commonly used: sale of own production (crops, livestock, etc.), sale of wild gathered items, casual labour, skilled labour, salary, petty trade and commerce/business, value addition or transformation, loans, remittances, gifts and assistance. • It includes any type of agro based, non-agro based, or service based income generation activity, can include market chain support, value addition or transformation etc. • It includes agriculture and livestock diversification. • It includes the diversification of production within the same livelihood activities (e.g. crop diversification) • It includes access to employment. • It includes activities to strengthen/create sources of income for active members of the household or for non-active members. Income sources diversification can (or cannot) be accompanied by an increase of income. In this sense the last part of the indicator “[increasing their net income by (specify the improvement)]” is optional, depending on the programme/project objectives. Definitions: • MSME: micro, small and medium enterprises (formal or informal)

Geography/Livelihoods zone; Gender, age, disabilities, chronic diseases (for individuals, associations members, etc.); Head of household’s gender, age, disabilities, chronic diseases, dependency ratio (for households), and any other relevant criteria, such as urban/rural context, religious, ethnic or political identities; Wealth groups; Livelihoods group (e.g. pastoralist, farmers, traders); Period to achieve the objective;

• Increase (number)

Both secondary and primary data collection can be used according to context. • Baseline/Endline. If multiyear programme consider also a mid-term evaluation. • Secondary data. Reliable/relevant sources from other actors, clusters or government (e.g. assessment information, reference to a normal situation). Unit of Measurement: Population, but can also be households or productive organisations, or MSME. If percentage: • Numerator: Number of target population that have diversified their sources of income. • Denominator: Total number of target population Data Collection methods: Secondary data analysis; Income records (MSME, productive organisation); Households Surveys and Focus Group Discussion; Key informant interviews.

• Livelihoods and Natural Resources Protection
• Income Generation Activities and Employment
• Primary production

- with income increase: X% of target small-scale livestock holders from Dawa region (from those Y% are women headed) diversify their income generation activities at the end of the project, increasing their net income by Z%. -without income increase: X% of target small-scale livestock holders from Dawa region (from those Y% are women headed) diversify at least the Z% of their income generation activities at the end of the project

This indicator should measure changes in type and diversity of income sources, but it can also measure the contribution of any new source of income towards the overall income of the household. Data collection should show the increase of household income due to the diversification of the income generation sources. [primary production] Consider seasonal calendar to determine when to measure the indicator (e.g. main harvest, pests and diseases prevalence) Consider market price and labour wages according to season variations throughout the year. Relate the increase of income (if any) to the new sources of income. Take into consideration that measurement difficulty depends on the income generation activity.